VIP (Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide) is a 28-amino-acid neuropeptide belonging to the glucagon/secretin superfamily. It has attracted growing interest in research focused on immunomodulation, neuroprotection, and smooth muscle relaxation.
Studies have shown that VIP binds to VPAC1 and VPAC2 receptors, activating adenylate cyclase and increasing intracellular cAMP levels. It regulates vasodilation, gastrointestinal motility, and secretion, while also exerting potent anti-inflammatory effects. It may also play a role in autoimmune disease modulation, circadian rhythm regulation, and protection against neurodegenerative conditions.
VPAC receptor activation and cAMP signaling
Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects
Vasodilation and cardiovascular regulation
Gastrointestinal motility and secretion control
Neuroprotection and circadian rhythm entrainment